\u7559\u6e2f\u662f\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u8fa6\u7406\u6bcd\u89aa\u7684\u5f8c\u4e8b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u5c11\u4eba\u591a\uff0c\u8001\u4eba\u4e5f\u591a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u8fa6\u4e8b\u4e5f\u8981\u6392\u671f\u3002\u53e4\u4eba\u8aaa\u614e\u7d42\u8ffd\u9060\uff0c\u6211\u61c9\u597d\u597d\u505a\u59a5\u9019\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u672c\u4f86\u6253\u7b97\u5148\u56de\u7d10\u4e00\u5169\u500b\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u5a01\u9748\u9813\u6700\u8fd1\u66fe\u56e0\u5927\u98a8\u548c\u5927\u9727\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u822a\u73ed\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u9047\u5230\u9019\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u7684\u6b78\u671f\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u614e\u91cd\u8d77\u898b\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6211\u7684\u5c0e\u5e2b\u4e5f\u53eb\u6211\u8fa6\u5b8c\u4e8b\u624d\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u807d\u5979\u7684\u5429\u5490\u3002<\/p>\n
\u672c\u4f86\u56de\u6e2f\u5927\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u8b80\u66f8\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u6e2f\u5927\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u591a\u4eba\u4e86\uff0c\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u5f88\u96e3\u627e\u5230\u5ea7\u4f4d\u3002\u800c\u6211\u76ee\u524d\u8981\u770b\u7684\u6750\u6599\u90fd\u662f\u7db2\u4e0a\u5c45\u591a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5929\u5929\u53bb\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u53bb\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8a98\u60d1\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u8f03\u96e3\u5c08\u5fc3\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u60f3\u56de\u5a01\u9748\u9813\uff0c\u90a3\u88e1\u6709\u6211\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\uff0c\u5916\u9762\u53ea\u6709\u98a8\u96e8\u8072\uff0c\u6700\u5b9c\u8b80\u66f8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9019\u5e7e\u5929\u6211\u5728\u6574\u7406\u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6e05\u55ae\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u770b\u770b\u4ed6\u8ddf\u570b\u969b\u6f22\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u4f86\u5f80\u3002\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u524d\u4eba\u5df2\u505a\u904e\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u5011\u8fd1\u6c34\u6a13\u53f0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u5f90\u5bb6\u532f\u672a\u7d93\u6574\u7406\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u6f22\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\u901a\u5831(T’oung Pao<\/em>)\u6709\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u6c99\u7579\u3001\u4f2f\u5e0c\u548c\u7b49\u6f22\u5b78\u5de8\u64d8\u4e5f\u8a55\u9ede\u904e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u570b\u5b78\u8005\u537b\u9bae\u6709\u7559\u610f\u4ed6\u3002\u6211\u66ab\u6642\u53ea\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u7559\u610f\u7684\u5169\u4e09\u500b\u5c0f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7a81\u7834\u3002<\/p>\n \u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u3001\u8457\u4f5c\u3001\u51fd\u7258\u985e\u6587\u9ad4\u3001\u8036\u7a4c\u6703\u518d\u5ea6\u4f86\u83ef\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u7d93\u904e\u7b49\uff0c\u6211\u5927\u81f4\u6709\u9ede\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u4f46\u6838\u5fc3\u554f\u984c–\u6559\u6848\uff0c\u6211\u4ecd\u6c92\u6709\u592a\u591a\u982d\u7dd2\u3002Cohen \u548c Sweeten \u7684\u66f8\u90fd\u4ee5\u7e3d\u7406\u8859\u9580\u7684\u6a94\u6848\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0cCohen\u91cd\u9ede\u57281860-1870\uff0cSweeten\u7684\u5730\u9ede\u5728\u6c5f\u897f\u8fb2\u6751\uff0c\u6642\u5730\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6559\u6848\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5169\u4eba\u5224\u65b7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u53ef\u539a\u975e\u3002\u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u6210\u66f8\u57281883\uff0c\u4f46\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4e26\u975e\u539f\u4ef6\uff0c\u6642\u5730\u4eba\u4e8b\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u8003\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5047\u8a2d\u662f1880\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u6c5f\u5357\u4ee3\u7267\u5340\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u8ddf Cohen \u548c Sweeten \u7684\u771f\u5be6\u500b\u6848\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u63d0\u4e26\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u5f31\u9805\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u5927\u6982\u6703\u4ee5\u6559\u52d9\u6559\u6848\u6a94\u3001\u6e05\u672b\u6559\u6848\u7b49\u6a94\u6848\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u8036\u7a4c\u6703\u58eb\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6574\u7406\u4e00\u4e0b\u6c5f\u5357\u4ee3\u7267\u5340\u7684\u6559\u6848\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7\u3001\u5b98\u54e1\u6587\u96c6\u5982\u679c\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u6750\u6599\u66f4\u4f73\uff0c\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u66f8\u4fe1\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u570b\u9818\u4e8b\u7684\u6a94\u6848\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u6211\u66ab\u6642\u4e5f\u672a\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u3002\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u61c9\u8a72\u8d77\u78bc\u8981\u7528\u4e00\u5e74\u534a\u8f09\u4f86\u6574\u7406\u3002\u5343\u982d\u842c\u7dd2\uff0c\u672a\u898b\u51fa\u8def\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u5b78\u8005\u63d0\u5230\u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u9019\u66f8\u662f\u56de\u61c91870\u5e74\u5929\u6d25\u6559\u6848\u5f8c\u6e05\u5ef7\u9650\u6559\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u63ee\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u8aaa\u6c5f\u5357\u4ee3\u7267\u5340\u6559\u6848\u76f8\u5c0d\u5c11\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8ddf\u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u7b49\u83ef\u7c4d\u53f8\u9438\u7684\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u9019\u9ede\u6211\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8036\u7a4c\u6703\u58eb\u9ad8\u9f8d\u97b6\u548c\u53f2\u5f0f\u5fbd\u7684\u540c\u540d\u8457\u4f5c\u6c5f\u5357\u50b3\u6559\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b98\u6c11\u6559\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n \u7d10\u897f\u862d\u5730\u5927\uff0c\u767b\u9ad8\u671b\u9060\u6642\u597d\u50cf\u773c\u93e1\u597d\u50cf\u4e0d\u5920\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u56de\u6e2f\u518d\u9a57\u4e00\u6b21\u773c\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u8fd1\u8996\u6df1\u4e86\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u662f\u770b\u96fb\u5b50\u66f8\u60f9\u7684\u798d\u3002\u6df1\u8fd1\u8996\u52a0\u4e0a\u6df1\u8001\u82b1\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u7528\u5169\u526f\u6f38\u9032\u93e1\u4f86\u61c9\u4ed8\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u7559\u6e2f\u662f\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u8fa6\u7406\u6bcd\u89aa\u7684\u5f8c\u4e8b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u5c11\u4eba\u591a\uff0c\u8001\u4eba\u4e5f\u591a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u8fa6\u4e8b\u4e5f\u8981\u6392\u671f\u3002\u53e4\u4eba\u8aaa\u614e\u7d42\u8ffd\u9060\uff0c\u6211\u61c9\u597d\u597d\u505a\u59a5\u9019\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u672c\u4f86\u6253\u7b97\u5148\u56de\u7d10\u4e00\u5169\u500b\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u5a01\u9748\u9813\u6700\u8fd1\u66fe\u56e0\u5927\u98a8\u548c\u5927\u9727\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u822a\u73ed\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u9047\u5230\u9019\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u7684\u6b78\u671f\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u614e\u91cd\u8d77\u898b\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6211\u7684\u5c0e\u5e2b\u4e5f\u53eb\u6211\u8fa6\u5b8c\u4e8b\u624d\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u807d\u5979\u7684\u5429\u5490\u3002 \u672c\u4f86\u56de\u6e2f\u5927\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u8b80\u66f8\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u6e2f\u5927\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u591a\u4eba\u4e86\uff0c\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u5f88\u96e3\u627e\u5230\u5ea7\u4f4d\u3002\u800c\u6211\u76ee\u524d\u8981\u770b\u7684\u6750\u6599\u90fd\u662f\u7db2\u4e0a\u5c45\u591a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5929\u5929\u53bb\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u53bb\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8a98\u60d1\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u8f03\u96e3\u5c08\u5fc3\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u60f3\u56de\u5a01\u9748\u9813\uff0c\u90a3\u88e1\u6709\u6211\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\uff0c\u5916\u9762\u53ea\u6709\u98a8\u96e8\u8072\uff0c\u6700\u5b9c\u8b80\u66f8\u3002 \u9019\u5e7e\u5929\u6211\u5728\u6574\u7406\u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6e05\u55ae\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u770b\u770b\u4ed6\u8ddf\u570b\u969b\u6f22\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u4f86\u5f80\u3002\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u524d\u4eba\u5df2\u505a\u904e\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u5011\u8fd1\u6c34\u6a13\u53f0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u5f90\u5bb6\u532f\u672a\u7d93\u6574\u7406\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u6f22\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\u901a\u5831(T’oung Pao)\u6709\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u6c99\u7579\u3001\u4f2f\u5e0c\u548c\u7b49\u6f22\u5b78\u5de8\u64d8\u4e5f\u8a55\u9ede\u904e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u570b\u5b78\u8005\u537b\u9bae\u6709\u7559\u610f\u4ed6\u3002\u6211\u66ab\u6642\u53ea\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u7559\u610f\u7684\u5169\u4e09\u500b\u5c0f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7a81\u7834\u3002 \u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u3001\u8457\u4f5c\u3001\u51fd\u7258\u985e\u6587\u9ad4\u3001\u8036\u7a4c\u6703\u518d\u5ea6\u4f86\u83ef\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u7d93\u904e\u7b49\uff0c\u6211\u5927\u81f4\u6709\u9ede\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u4f46\u6838\u5fc3\u554f\u984c–\u6559\u6848\uff0c\u6211\u4ecd\u6c92\u6709\u592a\u591a\u982d\u7dd2\u3002Cohen \u548c Sweeten \u7684\u66f8\u90fd\u4ee5\u7e3d\u7406\u8859\u9580\u7684\u6a94\u6848\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0cCohen\u91cd\u9ede\u57281860-1870\uff0cSweeten\u7684\u5730\u9ede\u5728\u6c5f\u897f\u8fb2\u6751\uff0c\u6642\u5730\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6559\u6848\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5169\u4eba\u5224\u65b7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u53ef\u539a\u975e\u3002\u9ec3\u4f2f\u797f\u6210\u66f8\u57281883\uff0c\u4f46\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4e26\u975e\u539f\u4ef6\uff0c\u6642\u5730\u4eba\u4e8b\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u8003\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5047\u8a2d\u662f1880\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u6c5f\u5357\u4ee3\u7267\u5340\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u8ddf Cohen 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